Air Quality Forecasting Using Machine Learning: Comparative Analysis and Ensemble Strategies for Enhanced Prediction

Özüpak Y., ALPSALAZ F., Aslan E.

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, cilt.236, sa.7, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 236 Sayı: 7
  • Basım Tarihi: 2025
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s11270-025-08122-8
  • Dergi Adı: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, ABI/INFORM, Agricultural & Environmental Science Database, Aqualine, Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Artic & Antarctic Regions, BIOSIS, Biotechnology Research Abstracts, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, Environment Index, Geobase, Greenfile, Pollution Abstracts, Veterinary Science Database, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Air Quality Prediction, Bayesian Optimization, Machine Learning, Regression Models, SVR
  • Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Air pollution poses a critical challenge to environmental sustainability, public health, and urban planning. Accurate air quality prediction is essential for devising effective management strategies and early warning systems. This study utilized a dataset comprising hourly measurements of pollutants such as PM2.5, NOx, CO, and benzene, sourced from five metal oxide sensors and a certified analyzer in a polluted urban area, totaling 9,357 records collected over one year (March 2004–February 2005) from the Kaggle Air Quality Data Set. A comprehensive comparison of ten machine learning regression models XGBoost, LightGBM, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, CatBoost, Support Vector Regression (SVR) with Bayesian Optimization, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Elastic Net, and Bayesian Ridge was conducted. Model performance was enhanced through Bayesian optimization and randomized cross-validation, with stacking employed to leverage the strengths of base models. Experimental results showed that hyperparameter optimization and ensemble strategies significantly improved accuracy, with the SVR model optimized via Bayesian optimization achieving the highest performance: an R2 score of 99.94%, MAE of 0.0120, and MSE of 0.0005. These findings underscore the methodology’s efficacy in precisely capturing the spatial and temporal dynamics of air pollution.