Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Fuel, cilt.407, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
Motivated by the ongoing depletion of fossil-fuel reserves, the environmental burdens associated with conventional petroleum fuels, and the high cost of engine modifications required for certain alternatives, This study investigated the effects of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles at concentrations of 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm into a diesel–biodiesel blend produced from waste cooking oil on the BSFC and emissions of a diesel engine through both experimental and numerical approaches. The distinguishing feature of this investigation lies in its integrated experimental–numerical strategy: engine test data were first validated using AVL Boost simulations, and the calibrated model was then assessed as a rapid, cost-effective substitute for the lengthy engine tests typically needed to screen nanoparticle-enhanced alternative fuels. B10 was chosen because it fully satisfies EN 16734 fuel-property and OEM warranty limits, thus allowing nanoparticle effects to be isolated without the viscosity or heating-value penalties observed at higher blends such as B20. The engine test results revealed that Introducing 10 % biodiesel to diesel fuel increased BSFC from 0.397 kg/kWh to 0.417 kg/kWh (+4.6 %) at 1.4 kW engine load. Adding 100 ppm SiO2 lowered BSFC to 0.249 kg/kWh (–2.3 % versus B10), while 100 ppm TiO2 reduced it to 0.252 kg/kWh (–1.2 %) at full engine load. Baseline CO emissions of 0.56 % fell to 0.53 % with plain B10 (–8.7 %), and further to 0.32 % and 0.38 % with 100 ppm SiO2 and TiO2 at full engine load. HC dropped from 263.2 ppm for B10 to 157.3 ppm (–40.2 %) and 211.7 ppm (–19.5 %) at 1.4 kW engine load. PM emissions were highest with D100 fuel (0.297 m−1), while 100 ppm of TiO2 nanoparticles significantly lowered PM emissions to 0.118 m−1 (–60.26 %) at 2.4 kW engine load. The addition of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles increased NOx emissions by up to 17.9 % and 43.9 %, respectively, with the highest level of 1544.7 ppm observed at the fuel blend with 100 ppm of TiO2. The comparison between experimental and numerical results showed a 1 % to 6 % discrepancy, which validated the engine test results and confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the employed numerical approach.