Social Psychology of Education, cilt.28, sa.1, 2025 (SSCI, Scopus)
In this study utilizing PISA (2022) data, we employ Ecological Theory to explore the complex relationships between proximal and distal effects on the home learning environment, which has undergone changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Four different profiles based on Ecological Theory were created as a result of the latent profile analysis. This study draws two important conclusions. First, when a teacher’s support for students increases, students’ self-directed learning efficacy tends to increase. Second, the positive relationship between teacher support and self-directed learning self-efficacy was stronger for students categorized under the ‘bright at school unsupported by home’ and ‘unsupported by school’ profiles than for their peers in the other two profiles.